Can Socio-Economic Incentives Improve the Livelihoods of Communities Surrounding Rehabilitated ecosystems? An empirical evidence of Kondoa Rehabilitated Rural Areas, Dodoma, Tanzania

 

Abstract

Communities need motivation in order to effectively and sustainably participate in conserving the surrounding environmental resources. However the contribution of socio-economic incentives towards improving the livelihoods of communities surrounding rehabilitated ecosystems remains scantly known. This study was an attempt to reveal the less known contribution of socioeconomic incentives towards improving the livelihoods of communities surrounding rehabilitated ecosystems drawing empirical evidences from Kondoa Rehabilitated Rural Areas (KRA), Dodoma, Tanzania. The cross-sectional research design was employed. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 30 respondents from each of the four study villages and make a total of 120 respondent households.

The study was conducted in Mafai, Ntomoko, Kalamba-Juu and Kalamba-Chini villages. Data were collected using pre-tested and pilot-tested questionnaires, focus group discussions and interviews. Ms-Excel and SPSS 20.0 computer software were used to analyze data. Descriptive statistics were employed to reveal various parameters in the study. Chi-square test was further employed to reveal the contribution of economic incentives on the total household income. The study findings revealed five socio-economic incentives which are widely adopted in the KRA namely tree seedlings, fertilizer, improved seeds, beekeeping inputs and education programs. It was further reported from the study findings that the income earned from practicing activities related to socio-economic incentives to be high as it accrues 61% of the total household income.

The Chi-square test further revealed that contribution of socio-economic incentive to total household income is statistically significant at p<0.05. It was concluded from the study findings that socio-economic incentives were highly useful towards enhancing household income and consequently resulting to positive outcomes to the livelihood activities prevailing in the area. The adoption of socio-economic incentives was found quite useful in the course of improving the livelihoods of the households in KRA hence leading to sustainable conservation of the biodiversity resources in KRA. Based on the study findings, the conservationists, environmentalists and policy makers are hereby urged to effectively capacitate the communities surrounding the rehabilitated rural areas with an indepth understanding of how to utilize and commercialize the applied socio-economic incentives so as to effectively conserve the surrounding biodiversity resources while earning substantial income in return.

Keywords: Socio-economic incentives; Livelihoods; Rehabilitated rural areas

Abbrevations: KRA: Kondoa Rehabilitated Rural Areas; NEMC: National Environmental Management Council; LAMP: Land Management Program; HADO: Hifadhi Ardhi Dodoma; HASHI: Hifadhi Ardhi Shinyanga; HIMA: Hifadhi Mazingira Project; SCAPA: Soil Conservation and Agro-forestry Program; KEA: Kondoa Eroded Area; UMBCP: Uluguru Mountain Biodiversity Conservation Project; WCST: Wildlife Conservation Society of Tanzania; UMADEP: Uluguru Mountain Agriculture Development Project

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Genetic Variability Studies for Economically Important Traits in Sunflower (Helianthus Annuus L.) by Hafiz Saad Bin Mustafa in CIACR - Lupine Publishers

The research was conducted in the research area of Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics (PB&G), University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan during spring 2014. The triplicated research trial was laid out following randomized complete block design (RCBD). Fifteen lines of sunflower were studied for genetic variability and association of economic traits with seed yield. The data were recorded on quantitative traits i.e. days to 50% flowering (DFF), plant height (PH), number of leaves per plant (NOL), head diameter (HD), leaf area (LA), filled achene (FA), 100 achene weight (100AW), oil contents (OC), achene yield per plant (AY/P) and qualitative traits i.e. head angle at maturity (HA), achene color(AC). The recorded data were subjected to analysis of variance, correlation and path coefficient analysis. The accessions were highly significant for all traits under study. The accessions A-2.2 showed good performance for most of studied traits. The accession B-3.1 also show better performance followed by A-4.3 and A-7.10. Genotypic correlations are higher than phenotypic correlations. 100AW, NOL, LA and HD had positive and highly significant genotypic correlations with AY/P. Genotypic correlation of AY/P was significantly negative with PH, DFF and oil contents. LA, NOL, 100AWand OC showed direct positive effect on AY/P. DFF, PH, HD and FA had negative direct effect on AY/P - Lupine Publishers.

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Can Bio-fertilizers Produced from Agricultural Residues Be Used In Hydroponics as an Alternative to Synthetic Fertilizers? by Maria Olímpia Oliveira Rezende in CIACR - Lupine Publishers

Biofertilizer is the liquid effluent obtained from aerobic or anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in the presence of water, or to be more specific, it is the remaining matter left from the decomposition of organic compounds containing both single celled or multi cellular organisms (bacteria, yeasts, filamentous fungi and algae) and the metabolites they generate. Some of the statistics relating to Brazil’s increasing dependence on the use of pesticides in agriculture are quite concerning. For example, in the last 15 years, within the state of Ceará, incidences of rare types of cancer arose to 38% above the national average. Likewise, the sale of agrochemicals in Brazil grew 190% over the last 10 years, which is more than twice the world average. Of the 50 most commonly used pesticides in the Brazil, 15 of them are actually banned in Europe. According to the last Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (Anvisa) survey, agrochemicals have been found in 67% of the foods analyzed (25% of which were banned). In view of this alarming reality, a change of attitude is not just necessary, it is mandatory. We need to change our philosophy regarding agricultural management on a national level, one that promotes viable agricultural methodologies to produce crops and livestock, which result in a more healthful humanity and a balanced, sustainable environment - Lupine Publishers.

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Environmental Impacts of Hydropower and Alternative Mitigation Measures by Mohammed Mussa in CIACR - Lupine Publishers

There is no doubt about that the agricultural industry is the most essential one for humanity [1]. It also employs a great number of people, providing economic means to them. But it is not easy to answer whether the agricultural industry is an effective one. On the quite contrary, the industry is perhaps the least effectively managed one for the last several thousand years. As people in the world are enjoying longevity, the world consumes more and more food. Can the world’s agricultural industry feed all the people on earth? It is a vital question. If the earth capacity is limited and the crops are not produced enough, the only possible solution is to increase the productivity of the agricultural industry. In order to find ways to increase such productivity, we first have to understand why the productivity of the agricultural industry is so low. Then we can suggest how the agricultural industry changes itself to be more productive and effective. In this paper, we endeavor to answer the question from a value chain perspective. Hydropower is one of the most efficient power generation technologies, which are carbon free and use inexhaustible resources to produce the energy. The prime driver is the force of gravity and the water used to drive this power is non-destructive [1]. According to Yüksel [2] hydropower do not pollute the air we breathe in the way that the energy source does not produce any air pollutants. Unlike thermal power plants for example, there are no gaseous of fly ash emissions emitted during the production. The fact that hydropower often replace fossil-fired generation, it can therefore also be said that it is reducing the problem with acid rain and smog [1,2]. Despite all these advantages hydropower plants have, there may also be negative impacts - Lupine Publishers.

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Agricultural Value Creation through Effective Supply Chain Management by Bowon Kim in CIACR- Lupine Publishers.

Agriculture is the most important industry for humanity. Unfortunately, however, it is also one of the least effectively managed industries. It is true that for the last several decades, there have been enormous scientific advancements that have increased the agricultural productivity. However, the question is whether the world has been able to reap the benefits to the fullest extent of such scientific advancements. The agricultural supply chain is characterized with an extremely long and fragmented system consisting of many gatekeepers throughout the value chain. As a result, it is vulnerable to a serious systemic malfunctioning such as the bullwhip effect. When a supply chain is inflicted by the bullwhip effect, it suffers huge inefficiencies, which include increasing costs, hampering innovation, and weakening problem solving capability. Unless it overcomes such inefficiencies, the industry as a whole will lose its competitiveness and perish eventually. As such, in order for the agricultural industry to sustain and thrive, it is vital to implement supply chain strategy effectively through coordination among the entire participants in the agricultural value chain- Lupine Publishers.

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Recognizing, Detecting and Understanding the Development of Lipid Oxidation Off-Flavors in Foods and Beverages by Ray Marsili in CIACR - Lupine Publishers

The majority of customer off-flavor complaints about food and beverage products are probably related to lipid oxidation products (aldehydes, ketones, etc.). Since lipid oxidation problems can cause product recalls and expensive lawsuits, they must be dealt with quickly. This article will discuss examples of lipid oxidation problems and how, in many cases, the lipid oxidation off-flavor contaminants couldn’t be readily characterized as originating from lipid oxidation. It will discuss how new technology in sample preparation/extraction coupled with gas chromatographic time-offlight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS) instrumentation and peak deconvoluton software can provide insights into the nature of lipid oxidation off-flavors. As the following examples will demonstrate, it is remarkable how many types of foods and beverages are impacted by oxidation, how many unusual ways lipid oxidation contaminants can form, how difficult it is to detect and measure the causative chemicals, and how new analytical techniques are assisting in the elucidation of the oxidation mechanisms involved- Lupine Publishers.

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Plant Based Protein Sources and Extraction by Ersus Bilek in CIACR- Lupine Publishers

Consuming an adequate amount of high-quality protein in daily nutrition is one of the key features of healthy lives. Shortage of protein in nourishment may lead metabolic diseases [1]. A climbing trend in the requirement of plant-based protein sources can be easily seen due to medical needs as lactose intolerance or lifestyle choice as being vegan or vegetarian. The population of vegetarian, vegan and the number of people who faces with problems depending on proteins based on animals are increasing. Vegetarian is a person who avoids eating for various reasons as health, religious or not being cruel to animals. And vegans do not consume or use meat and any other products such as fish, eggs, cheese or leather [2]. In the USA, Brasilia, Austria, and India have vegans and vegetarians in terms of 4, 8, 3 and 40% of their countries population, respectively [3]. To achieve enough amounts of protein resources, a number of studies have been taking place for years. Additionally, the price of animal-based proteins may cost much higher than plant-based proteins. Therefore, plant-based protein sources give an affordable alternative in the countries with tremendous prices for milk and dairy products [4] - Lupine Publishers.

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Retooling Agricultural Policies and Programmes for Sustainable Development in Nigeria by  Kingsley Akarowhe in CIACR - Lupine Publishers

Nigeria is one of the developing countries of the world that is blessed with numerous natural resources and fertile arable land for sustainable agriculture, to counter for its increasing population. As a result of global economic downturn, there is a rising needs of Nigeria government to raise the standard of living her citizen through intensive commitment to agricultural programmes and policies. Over the years, as t Nigeria government initiated most of its agric policies and programmes, there tend to be a wide gap on the expected success of these agricultural programmes and polices; and its impacts on the citizens. The forgoing challenges have continued over time without solution. It is on this note that this researcher find it deem fit to investigate the challenges facing agricultural policies and agricultural programmes in the paces of sustainable development in Nigeria. The paper explains the meaning of the core concepts: agriculture; agricultural policies; and programmes; roles of agricultural policies/programmes; and challenges facing agric policies/programmes- Lupine Publishers.

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 Effect of Grafting Technique on Productivity and Quality of Cantaloupe under Saline Irrigation Water by SA Saleh in CIACR- Lupine Publishers.

The high salinity of the irrigation water is the biggest challenge facing horizontal expansion of vegetable cultivation especially in the new reclaimed land. The high salinity of the irrigation water is of a deleterious effect on the cantaloupe production. Thus, this experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions during 2015 and 2016 autumn seasons in Moshtohor, Kalyobiya Governorate, Egypt to investigate the possibility of using grafting technique to ameliorate the negative effects of high salinity of irrigation water on cantaloupe productivity and its quality. Two commercial cultivars "Ideal and Veleta" were used as scion while Cobalt and Strong-Tosa were used as rootstocks. A modified tongue approach grafting method was used, and then seedlings were exposed to four salinity levels [0.8 (non-saline control), 3.9, 7.1 and 10 dSm^-1]. The results showed that all investigated factors "salinity levels, cultivars and rootstocks" significantly affected cantaloupe productivity and quality. Where, the medium salinity level (3.9dS/m) resulted in the highest early yield, fruits number and total yield compared to all other salinity levels while the total yield decreased by 39.7% with increasing salinity levels up to 10dS/m- Lupine Publishers.

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Field Treatment Effects on Seed Germination and Early Growth Traits of Berseem Clover under Salinity Stress Conditions by MR Chaichi in CIACR- Lupine Publishers.

Developing seeds with a high level of tolerance against salinity and water shortage scan guarantee best seedling establishment in arid and semi-arid agricultural lands. This three-year field, laboratory and greenhouse study proposes the surfactant application to effectively prevent the detrimental impacts of severe environmental conditions on the development of parental plants. The germination rate of six parental seeds of berseem clovers (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) from I₁₀₀ (100% irrigation water)/I₁₀₀+s (irrigation water with surfactant, s), I₇₅/I₇₅+s and I₅₀/I₅₀+s treatments are studied under seven osmotic salinity potentials (0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6, -0.8, -1, and -1.2MPa). Plants from seeds developed by surfactant in full and moderate limited irrigation (I₁₀₀ and I₇₅) show a favorable germination percentage when under saline stress treatments of -0.4 and -0.8MPa. The highest seedling lengths of 10.2 and 10.3cm were achieved for the seeds produced from I₇₅ and I₁₀₀+s treatments, respectively- Lupine Publishers.

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 Agri-Food Projects in Food Land Belts: Conditions for Success by Christopher R Bryant in CIACR - Lupine Publishers

While Green Belts go back in several countries principally to the end of the Second World War [1], Food Land Belts are much more recent, particularly from the end of the 20th Century onwards, following various sanitary food crises which led to this desire to re- localize foodstuff. What is interesting about Food Land Belts is that they involve a multitude of Agri-food projects, linking agricultural production directly to the consumers who sought healthy locally produced foodstuff for which the source was known [2]. While on the one hand they certainly help conserve agricultural land and farm activities, on the other hand they provide a means of linking the countryside in peri-urban areas around cities directly to the cities. This connection comes from a) non-farm citizens who are concerned with having access to healthy foodstuffs and who initiate the vast majority of initiatives to relocate the sources of their foodstuffs so that they know the sources of their foodstuffs and their location of production [3] and b) partly from small groups of farmers, both leading to a renewal of the linkages between cities and countryside [4]. However, it is clear that not all projects have been successful while others have been very successful and continue to be successful. What makes the difference? We tackle this issue in the next section as it is very important both for farmers and consumers and this research domain represents a field of research that is becoming increasingly important in several countries around the world Lupine Publishers 

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Influence of Exogenous and Anthropogenic Impacts on Natural Ecosystems in Azerbaijan by Rae ZH Aliyev in Current Investigations in Agriculture and Current Research (CIACR) in Lupine Publishers

Located in the South Caucasus Republic of Azerbaijan-mountainous country where 60% of its territory is mountainous and foothill zone. Difficult geographical situation of mountain systems, the constantly increasing anthropogenic forcing exogenous processes occurring in the country, non-compliance with conservation and environmental protection measures eventually led to the emergence and development of erosion processes. The article discusses ways of ecological optimization of agricultural land in the country.

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The Development of Agricultural Policy Making Process Evaluation Model in Segment of Setting Goals and Measures by Tihana Kovacicek in Current Investigations in Agriculture and Current Research (CIACR) in Lupine Publishers

The main characteristics of Croatia's public policies and agricultural policy are lack of policy analysis activities and not making the clear distinction between objectives and goals. Further, evaluation of public policies, especially agricultural policy is not regular activity. This doctoral thesis is based on the assumptions that agricultural policy objectives and goals are not accomplished because of shortcomings in the process of agricultural policy making. In order to test the hypothesis, evaluation model is developed. The first steps in model developing are grouping Croatian agricultural policy objectives/goals (set by strategic documents) and analysis of the content of scientific papers in the period 1995 - 2013. The research period is, by critical junctures, divided into four sub periods: 1995 - 2000; 2001 - 2004; 2005 - 2008; 2009 � 2013. Croatian agricultural policy objectives/goals, more than 80, are grouped according to key words: self-sufficiency, income, competitiveness and rural development.

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Actinomycetes: Dependable Tool for Sustainable Agriculture by Pemila Edith Chitraselvi R in Current Investigations in Agriculture and Current Research (CIACR) in Lupine Publishers

In fast developing countries, especially in countries like India where there is always huge demand for food grains, the most important question that arises is whether we are running towards depletion or growing towards sustainable future. The balance towards more sustainable future could be attained only by finding and employing most efficient and multi-faceted alternate farming techniques instead of completely depending upon chemicals. One of the most efficient tools in achieving this is organic farming especially the usage of rhizobacteria with multiple PGPR traits. Actinomycetes are one of the most important groups of the rhizosphere colonizing bacteria with multiple growth promoting traits. They are already well-known for their ability to produce broad spectrum antibiotics. In recent years Actinomycetes are widely studied for their plant growth promoting activities and few are commercialized. This article shows the importance of this group of bacteria as potential tools for more eco-friendly and sustainable agriculture.

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Assessment of Honeybee Colony Performance in the Agro-Ecological Zones of Uganda by Patrice Kasangaki in Current Investigations in Agriculture and Current Research in Lupine Publishers

Honeybee colony performance is the ability of the honeybees to defend the colony and also to effectively collect nectar and pollen and thus productivity. The colony performance of honeybees in nine agro-ecological zones of Uganda was assessed from September 2012 to May 2013. Observations were made on the colonies for brood pattern, proportion of worker bees and combs filled with honey and pollen. The obtained data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical package. The results indicated that both colony strength and productivity varied significantly within agro-ecological zones. Mid North agro-ecological zone had significantly stronger colonies with the highest productivity compared to other agro-ecological zones while Lake Victoria Crescent and Southern Dry land agro-ecological zone had the lowest indicating that the Lake Victoria Crescent agro-ecological zone is not the best for beekeeping in Uganda. The colony strength and productivity did not vary with the vegetation cover, honeybee race, type of bee hive used and the elevation gradient. When promoting beekeeping in Uganda, more efforts should be put in areas such as the mid north agro ecological zone.

https://lupinepublishers.com/agriculture-journal/fulltext/assessment-of-honeybee-colony-performance-in-the-agro-ecological-zones-of-uganda.ID.000121.php
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Traditional Knowledge on Mushroom Consumption Habits of Amhara Region in Four Selected Districts - Mecha, Fogera, Bahirdarzuria and Zege: (CIACR) - Lupine Publishers

Traditional Knowledge on Mushroom Consumption Habits of Amhara Region in Four Selected Districts - Mecha, Fogera, Bahirdarzuria and Zege by Birhanu Gizaw in Current Investigations in Agriculture and Current Research in Lupine Publishers

Population growth coupled with increase in demand for food, domestication and scientific cultivation of wild edible mushroom is alternatives means to alleviate food shortage and malnutrition. The purpose of this study was to assess traditional wild mushroom consumption habit in four selected districts of Amhara region, Mecha, Zege, Fogera and BahirDar Zuria. In this study 115 adult individuals 81 males & 34females were selected and used as information source. Data were collected using structured open and close ended questionnaire, interview as well as personal observation. The study result indicated that (90.43%) of the Mecha, Zege and Bahirdar Zuria Woreda residents have awareness about wild mushroom consumption and its various benefits. About 9.57% of the residents do not have an awareness especially Fogera district. Wild mushroom collection was done mainly from cultivated farmland (65.21%) followed by termite nests (14.78%), uncultivated land (13.04%), forest vicinity (5.21%). All family members, children, women and men were involved in mushroom collection. However, none of the inhabitants was found to cultivate mushrooms artificially in scientific ways due to various reasons, 63.48% respondents said lack of awareness on artificial mushroom cultivation method. 33.04% respondent said non-availability of the well-known mushroom species, 3.47% responded due to religion pressure.

https://www.lupinepublishers.com/agriculture-journal/fulltext/traditional-knowledge-on-mushroom-consumption-habits-of-amhara-region-in-four-selected-districts-mecha-fogera-bahirdarzuria-and-zege.ID.000104.php

https://www.lupinepublishers.com/agriculture-journal/pdf/CIACR.MS.ID.000104.pdf

https://www.lupinepublishers.com/agriculture-journal/abstracts/traditional-knowledge-on-mushroom-consumption-habits-of-amhara-region-in-four-selected-districts-mecha-fogera-bahirdarzuria-and-zege.ID.000104.php

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